{ "ml": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "id": 0, "prob": 0.0008763457299210131, "class": 0 } ], "prob": 0.00087634573, "class": 0, "models": [ { "m": "az", "prob": 0.00087634573, "class": 0 }, { "m": "az/native", "prob": 0.00008558121, "class": 0 }, { "m": "az/elf", "prob": 0.000024191544, "class": 0 } ], "version": "v16.16", "thresholds": [ 0.9953178, 0.9991311 ], "analyzed_at": "2026-05-02T15:51:09Z" }, "path": "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__llvm-obfuscator-4.0.1__O1__mllvmsub_mllvmbcf__unstripped__coreutils-8.30__head", "raw": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "f": "O₂(CI)H(F₂)Md₂(HeBi₂)", "x": 4, "id": 0, "is": [ "", "free", "abort", "errno_location", "strncmp", "exit", "fpending", "clearerr_unlocked", "textdomain", "fclose", "bindtextdomain", "dcgettext", "ctype_get_mb_cur_max", "strlen", "getopt_long", "mbrtowc", "strchr", "strrchr", "lseek", "assert_fail", "memset", "close", "memchr", "read", "libc_start_main", "memcmp", "fputs_unlocked", "ferror_unlocked", "calloc", "strcmp", "gmon_start__", "memcpy", "fileno", "malloc", "fflush", "nl_langinfo", "fxstat", "freading", "fwrite_unlocked", "realloc", "setlocale", "printf_chk", "error", "memrchr", "open", "fseeko", "strtoumax", "cxa_atexit", "exit", "fwrite", "fprintf_chk", "mbsinit", "iswprint", "ctype_b_loc" ], "ms": { "elf": { "relro": "partial", "e_type": 2.0, "has_got": true, "has_plt": true, "has_note": true, "e_machine": 62.0, "class_bits": 64.0, "note_count": 1.0, "nx_enabled": true, "entry_point": 4199680.0, "needed_libs": 1.0, "dynsym_count": 62.0, "has_eh_frame": true, "symtab_count": 459.0, "dynrela_count": 7.0, "entry_section": ".text", "little_endian": true, "pltreloc_count": 52.0, "has_interpreter": true, "fini_array_count": 1.0, "gnu_hash_present": true, "init_array_count": 1.0, "program_header_count": 9.0, "section_header_count": 30.0, "load_segment_max_p_memsz": 64796.0, "load_segment_max_p_filesz": 64796.0, "section_relocation_group_count": 2.0 }, "binary": { "code_size": 47722.0, "file_size": 84504.0, "entry_point": 4199680.0, "has_overlay": true, "code_entropy": 4.02, "data_entropy": 2.64, "export_count": 154.0, "import_count": 54.0, "overlay_size": 1924.0, "string_count": 619.0, "overlay_ratio": 0.02, "section_count": 29.0, "avg_complexity": 9.35, "function_count": 188.0, "import_density": 1.16, "max_complexity": 448.0, "string_density": 13.28, "aliased_exports": 51.0, "overall_entropy": 2.89, "overlay_entropy": 1.57, "avg_basic_blocks": 11.63, "avg_section_size": 2854.97, "dependency_count": 1.0, "entropy_variance": 1.65, "function_density": 4.03, "avg_function_size": 244.94, "avg_string_length": 14.18, "complexity_per_kb": 0.2, "max_string_length": 200.0, "avg_string_entropy": 2.86, "code_to_data_ratio": 1.36, "data_to_file_ratio": 0.0, "text_to_file_ratio": 0.55, "total_basic_blocks": 2186.0, "string_length_stddev": 15.99, "largest_section_ratio": 0.55, "sentence_string_count": 55.0, "sentence_string_ratio": 0.09, "behavioral_import_ratio": 0.02, "function_analysis_depth": 2.0, "high_complexity_functions": 6.0 } }, "ss": [ [ 0, "textdomain" ], [ 568, "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], [ 2203, "fflush" ], [ 2210, "__printf_chk" ], [ 2223, "clearerr_unlocked" ], [ 2241, "setlocale" ], [ 2251, "mbrtowc" ], [ 2259, "strncmp" ], [ 2267, "optind" ], [ 2274, "strrchr" ], [ 2282, "dcgettext" ], [ 2292, "error" ], [ 2298, "iswprint" ], [ 2307, "realloc" ], [ 2315, "abort" ], [ 2327, "memchr" ], [ 2334, "memrchr" ], [ 2342, "program_invocation_name" ], [ 2366, "__assert_fail" ], [ 2380, "__ctype_get_mb_cur_max" ], [ 2403, "strtoumax" ], [ 2413, "calloc" ], [ 2420, "strlen" ], [ 2427, "memset" ], [ 2434, "__errno_location" ], [ 2451, "read" ], [ 2456, "memcmp" ], [ 2463, "__fprintf_chk" ], [ 2477, "stdout" ], [ 2484, "lseek" ], [ 2490, "memcpy" ], [ 2497, "fclose" ], [ 2504, "malloc" ], [ 2511, "mbsinit" ], [ 2519, "nl_langinfo" ], [ 2531, "__ctype_b_loc" ], [ 2545, "optarg" ], [ 2552, "__freading" ], [ 2563, "stderr" ], [ 2570, "getopt_long" ], [ 2582, "fileno" ], [ 2589, "fwrite" ], [ 2596, "__fpending" ], [ 2607, "open" ], [ 2612, "ferror_unlocked" ], [ 2635, "program_invocation_short_name" ], [ 2665, "bindtextdomain" ], [ 2680, "fwrite_unlocked" ], [ 2703, "__libc_start_main" ], [ 2721, "fseeko" ], [ 2728, "fputs_unlocked" ], [ 2743, "free" ], [ 2748, "__progname" ], [ 2759, "__progname_full" ], [ 2775, "__cxa_atexit" ], [ 2788, "__fxstat" ], [ 2797, "__gmon_start__" ], [ 2834, "GLIBC_2.14" ], [ 6210, "fffff." ], [ 6224, "AVSP" ], [ 6864, "UAWAVAUATSH" ], [ 8529, "_fffff." ], [ 9169, "ffffff." ], [ 9184, "UAWAVATSA" ], [ 10560, "UAWAVAUATSPL" ], [ 11088, "UAWAVSPI" ], [ 11634, "-ffff." ], [ 15268, "AWAVAUATSH" ], [ 17040, "USPH" ], [ 17216, "UAVSH" ], [ 20688, "UAWAVSPH" ], [ 21139, "gfffffff" ], [ 21225, "gfffffffA" ], [ 21632, "AVSPH" ], [ 21968, "7EZA" ], [ 22224, "UAWAVAUATSPI" ], [ 32079, "ATAVAR" ], [ 33072, "AWAVAUATSL" ], [ 33392, "UAVSI" ], [ 34592, "AWAVSI" ], [ 34756, "AWAVATSI" ], [ 35072, "UAWAVSH" ], [ 35204, "AWAVATSA" ], [ 36100, "AWAVAUATSPL" ], [ 36448, "AWAVATSPI" ], [ 37072, "AVSPI" ], [ 37216, "UAVSA" ], [ 37456, "j0j3" ], [ 37888, "UAWAVAUATSPD" ], [ 38032, "UAWAVAUATSPE" ], [ 38560, "UAWAVAUATSPA" ], [ 39008, "UAWAVSPA" ], [ 39312, "UAVS" ], [ 39968, "UAWAVAUATSPM" ], [ 43520, "AWAVAUATSI" ], [ 43700, "TUUUUUUU1" ], [ 44528, "UAWAVATSH" ], [ 47456, "UAWAVSP" ], [ 51265, "Wfffff." ], [ 52016, "AWAVA" ], [ 52023, "AUATL" ], [ 53152, "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], [ 53191, "Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]..." ], [ 53224, "Print the first %d lines of each FILE to standard output.\nWith more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file na" ], [ 53282, "With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name." ], [ 53357, "-c, --bytes=[-]NUM print the first NUM bytes of each file;" ], [ 53424, "with the leading '-', print all but the last" ], [ 53498, "NUM bytes of each file" ], [ 53550, "-n, --lines=[-]NUM print the first NUM lines instead of the first %d;" ], [ 53702, "NUM lines of each file" ], [ 53755, "-q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names" ], [ 53820, "-v, --verbose always print headers giving file names" ], [ 53887, "-z, --zero-terminated line delimiter is NUL, not newline" ], [ 53950, "--help display this help and exit" ], [ 53995, "--version output version information and exit" ], [ 54049, "NUM may have a multiplier suffix:\nb 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,\nGB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so" ], [ 54050, "NUM may have a multiplier suffix:" ], [ 54084, "b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024," ], [ 54135, "GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y." ], [ 54202, "head" ], [ 54207, "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], [ 54240, "invalid trailing option -- %c" ], [ 54270, "c:n:qvz0123456789" ], [ 54288, "GNU coreutils" ], [ 54302, "David MacKenzie" ], [ 54318, "Jim Meyering" ], [ 54338, "invalid number of bytes" ], [ 54362, "With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input." ], [ 54418, "Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too." ], [ 54495, "test invocation" ], [ 54511, "Multi-call invocation" ], [ 54533, "sha224sum" ], [ 54543, "sha2 utilities" ], [ 54558, "sha256sum" ], [ 54568, "sha384sum" ], [ 54578, "sha512sum" ], [ 54588, "%s online help: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 54611, "https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" ], [ 54655, "Report %s translation bugs to \u003chttps://translationproject.org/team/\u003e" ], [ 54725, "Full documentation at: \u003c%s%s\u003e" ], [ 54756, "or available locally via: info '(coreutils) %s%s'" ], [ 54807, "bkKmMGTPEZY0" ], [ 54820, "invalid number of lines" ], [ 54844, "-presume-input-pipe" ], [ 54864, "quiet" ], [ 54870, "silent" ], [ 54877, "verbose" ], [ 54885, "zero-terminated" ], [ 54906, "version" ], [ 54914, "standard input" ], [ 54929, "cannot open %s for reading" ], [ 54956, "failed to close %s" ], [ 54975, "cannot fstat %s" ], [ 55005, "%s: cannot seek to offset %s" ], [ 55034, "%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s" ], [ 55072, "error reading %s" ], [ 55089, "error writing %s" ], [ 55106, "standard output" ], [ 55122, "%s: file has shrunk too much" ], [ 55151, "8.30" ], [ 55156, "write error" ], [ 55168, "A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call." ], [ 55224, "/.libs/" ], [ 56488, "literal" ], [ 56502, "shell-always" ], [ 56515, "shell-escape" ], [ 56528, "shell-escape-always" ], [ 56548, "c-maybe" ], [ 56556, "clocale" ], [ 56584, "GB18030" ], [ 56680, "%s (%s) %s" ], [ 56703, "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later \u003chttps://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html\u003e.\nThis is free software: you are free to change an" ], [ 56704, "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later \u003chttps://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html\u003e." ], [ 56784, "This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it." ], [ 56851, "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law." ], [ 56907, "Written by %s." ], [ 56923, "Written by %s and %s." ], [ 56946, "Written by %s, %s, and %s." ], [ 56974, "Written by %s, %s, %s," ], [ 56997, "and %s." ], [ 57029, "%s, and %s." ], [ 57065, "%s, %s, and %s." ], [ 57105, "%s, %s, %s, and %s." ], [ 57265, "%s, %s, and others." ], [ 57286, "Report bugs to: %s" ], [ 57307, "bug-coreutils@gnu.org" ], [ 57329, "%s home page: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 57349, "General help using GNU software: \u003chttps://www.gnu.org/gethelp/\u003e" ], [ 57424, "Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc." ], [ 57471, "memory exhausted" ], [ 57920, "0 \u003c= strtol_base \u0026\u0026 strtol_base \u003c= 36" ], [ 57958, "./lib/xstrtol.c" ], [ 57974, "strtol_error xstrtoumax(const char *, char **, int, uintmax_t *, const char *)" ], [ 58810, "POSIX" ], [ 58816, "ASCII" ], [ 66096, "GCC: (Ubuntu 5.5.0-12ubuntu1~16.04) 5.5.0 20171010" ], [ 66147, "Obfuscator-LLVM clang version 4.0.1 (based on Obfuscator-LLVM 4.0.1)" ], [ 77241, "crtstuff.c" ], [ 77252, "__JCR_LIST__" ], [ 77265, "deregister_tm_clones" ], [ 77286, "__do_global_dtors_aux" ], [ 77308, "completed.7596" ], [ 77323, "__do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry" ], [ 77362, "frame_dummy" ], [ 77374, "__frame_dummy_init_array_entry" ], [ 77405, "src/head.c" ], [ 77416, "copy_fd" ], [ 77424, "diagnose_copy_fd_failure" ], [ 77449, "elide_tail_bytes_file" ], [ 77471, "elide_tail_bytes_pipe" ], [ 77493, "elide_tail_lines_file" ], [ 77515, "elide_tail_lines_pipe" ], [ 77537, "elide_tail_lines_seekable" ], [ 77563, "elseek" ], [ 77570, "emit_ancillary_info" ], [ 77590, "emit_ancillary_info.infomap" ], [ 77618, "emit_mandatory_arg_note" ], [ 77642, "emit_stdin_note" ], [ 77658, "have_read_stdin" ], [ 77679, "head_bytes" ], [ 77690, "head_file" ], [ 77700, "head_lines" ], [ 77711, "line_end" ], [ 77720, "long_options" ], [ 77733, "main.default_file_list" ], [ 77756, "presume_input_pipe" ], [ 77775, "print_headers" ], [ 77789, "string_to_integer" ], [ 77807, "usable_st_size" ], [ 77822, "write_header" ], [ 77835, "write_header.first_file" ], [ 77859, "xwrite_stdout" ], [ 77873, "src/version.c" ], [ 77887, "lib/closeout.c" ], [ 77902, "lib/exitfail.c" ], [ 77917, "lib/full-read.c" ], [ 77933, "lib/offtostr.c" ], [ 77948, "lib/umaxtostr.c" ], [ 77964, "lib/progname.c" ], [ 77979, "lib/quotearg.c" ], [ 77994, "default_quoting_options" ], [ 78018, "gettext_quote" ], [ 78032, "nslots" ], [ 78039, "quotearg_buffer_restyled" ], [ 78064, "quotearg_n_options" ], [ 78083, "quoting_options_from_style" ], [ 78110, "slot0" ], [ 78116, "slotvec" ], [ 78124, "slotvec0" ], [ 78133, "strcaseeq0" ], [ 78144, "strcaseeq1" ], [ 78155, "strcaseeq2" ], [ 78166, "strcaseeq3" ], [ 78177, "strcaseeq4" ], [ 78188, "strcaseeq5" ], [ 78199, "strcaseeq6" ] ], "sz": 84504, "ts": [ { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter present", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not digitally signed", "i": "metadata/unsigned", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Binary exports symbols", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 154.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/symbols::has-exports", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 154.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "GNU coreutils reference", "e": [ "GNU coreutils" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library::gnu-coreutils-ref", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many functions (\u003e30)", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 188.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ sections (installer/packer)", "e": [ "binary.section_count = 29.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-sections-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Binary has low overall entropy", "e": [ "binary.overall_entropy = 2.89" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::low-overall-entropy-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 100+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 154.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-100", "l": 1 }, { "a": "T1055", "c": 0.25, "d": "Repeated 0x07 code constant (possible PROT_RWX)", "e": [ "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/mem/protect/modify::rwx-prot-bytes", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Reference to /lib64", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/system::system-lib64", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 54.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-50", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Read file descriptor (read/pread)", "e": [ "read" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/read::read", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1059.006", "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Named /tmp execution path", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils" ], "i": "objectives/command-and-control/dropper::tmp-path", "l": 1, "m": "B0024" }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Look up file permissions", "e": [ "fstat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/chmod/get::get-dup", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 9.35" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-complexity-15-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "libc version string pattern", "e": [ "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-version-string", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __assert_fail", "e": [ "assert_fail" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-assert-fail", "l": 2 }, { "d": ".so extension reference", "e": [ ".so" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/extension::so", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "open" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::open-base", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 54.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-20", "l": 1 }, { "d": "Usage: label in binary strings", "e": [ "Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]..." ], "i": "metadata/package/help::usage-title-string", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "/tmp/ path component", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::tmp-path-content", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Terminate process immediately without cleanup", "e": [ "exit", "exit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/terminate/signal::_exit", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "CLI help or usage text", "e": [ "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::help-usage-string", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Copyright notice", "e": [ "Copyright" ], "i": "metadata/package/license::copyright-word", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 3+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 188.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::few-functions-3", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average string entropy", "e": [ "binary.avg_string_entropy = 2.86" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-string-entropy-4-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 25+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 54.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-25", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "File is a compiled binary", "e": [ "binary.file_size = 84504.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/framework::is-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8399999737739563, "d": "High basic block count in sparse binary", "e": [ "binary.total_basic_blocks = 2186.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::dense-basic-blocks", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not position-independent (fixed load address)", "e": [ "binary.is_pie = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 30+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 54.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-30", "l": 1 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library exports", "e": [ "libc_start_main" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-symbols", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Unix /tmp/ path reference", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::unix-temp", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Abort program execution", "e": [ "abort" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/signal/handler::abort", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __cxa_atexit", "e": [ "cxa_atexit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-cxa-atexit", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Write files", "e": [ "fwrite" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/write::write", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary format is identified", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary::binary-format-checked", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 9+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 154.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-9", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 40+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 54.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-40", "l": 1 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