{ "ml": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "id": 0, "prob": 0.9474831223487854, "class": 0 } ], "prob": 0.9474831, "class": 0, "version": "v16.16", "thresholds": [ 0.9815004, 0.99404883 ], "analyzed_at": "2026-05-02T03:18:19Z" }, "path": "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-10.1.0__O0__no-obf__unstripped__util-linux-2.33__switch_root", "raw": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "f": "H₂(F₃Po)Md₂(HeBi₃)", "x": 5, "id": 0, "is": [ "", "errno_location", "exit", "chroot", "fpending", "warn", "unlinkat", "ferror", "umount2", "fclose", "mount", "openat", "chdir", "getopt_long", "errx", "gettext", "printf", "warnx", "fxstatat", "snprintf", "fputs", "close", "closedir", "fputc", "libc_start_main", "strcmp", "dirfd", "fprintf", "gmon_start__", "xstat", "readdir", "err", "fxstat", "open", "access", "fdopendir", "fstatfs", "cxa_atexit", "exit", "execv", "fork" ], "ms": { "elf": { "e_type": 2.0, "has_got": true, "has_plt": true, "has_note": true, "e_machine": 62.0, "class_bits": 64.0, "note_count": 1.0, "nx_enabled": true, "entry_point": 4198544.0, "needed_libs": 1.0, "dynsym_count": 45.0, "has_eh_frame": true, "symtab_count": 115.0, "dynrela_count": 4.0, "entry_section": ".text", "little_endian": true, "pltreloc_count": 39.0, "has_interpreter": true, "fini_array_count": 1.0, "init_array_count": 1.0, "program_header_count": 8.0, "section_header_count": 29.0, "load_segment_max_p_memsz": 8940.0, "load_segment_max_p_filesz": 8940.0, "section_relocation_group_count": 2.0 }, "binary": { "code_size": 3776.0, "file_size": 16048.0, "entry_point": 4198544.0, "has_overlay": true, "code_entropy": 3.82, "data_entropy": 2.2, "export_count": 51.0, "import_count": 41.0, "overlay_size": 1859.0, "string_count": 167.0, "overlay_ratio": 0.12, "section_count": 28.0, "avg_complexity": 2.15, "function_count": 59.0, "import_density": 11.12, "max_complexity": 16.0, "string_density": 45.29, "aliased_exports": 38.0, "overall_entropy": 2.64, "overlay_entropy": 1.52, "avg_basic_blocks": 2.83, "avg_section_size": 488.36, "dependency_count": 1.0, "entropy_variance": 1.48, "function_density": 16.0, "avg_function_size": 55.53, "avg_string_length": 14.75, "complexity_per_kb": 0.58, "max_string_length": 59.0, "avg_string_entropy": 3.07, "code_to_data_ratio": 0.38, "data_to_file_ratio": 0.0, "text_to_file_ratio": 0.19, "total_basic_blocks": 167.0, "string_length_stddev": 8.93, "largest_section_ratio": 0.19, "sentence_string_count": 20.0, "sentence_string_ratio": 0.12, "behavioral_import_ratio": 0.05, "function_analysis_depth": 2.0 } }, "ss": [ [ 0, "printf" ], [ 512, "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], [ 2003, "chroot" ], [ 2010, "readdir" ], [ 2018, "execv" ], [ 2024, "unlinkat" ], [ 2033, "closedir" ], [ 2053, "gettext" ], [ 2061, "fstatfs" ], [ 2080, "__errno_location" ], [ 2103, "stdout" ], [ 2122, "fclose" ], [ 2129, "fdopendir" ], [ 2139, "stderr" ], [ 2146, "getopt_long" ], [ 2158, "__fpending" ], [ 2169, "open" ], [ 2174, "fprintf" ], [ 2182, "program_invocation_short_name" ], [ 2212, "umount2" ], [ 2220, "openat" ], [ 2227, "mount" ], [ 2238, "access" ], [ 2252, "__libc_start_main" ], [ 2276, "ferror" ], [ 2283, "snprintf" ], [ 2292, "__progname" ], [ 2303, "__cxa_atexit" ], [ 2316, "__xstat" ], [ 2324, "__fxstat" ], [ 2333, "__fxstatat" ], [ 2344, "__gmon_start__" ], [ 7104, "AWAVA" ], [ 7111, "AUATL" ], [ 7392, "write error" ], [ 7404, "failed to open directory" ], [ 7429, "stat failed" ], [ 7441, "failed to read directory" ], [ 7471, "stat of %s failed" ], [ 7489, "failed to unlink %s" ], [ 7509, "/dev" ], [ 7514, "/proc" ], [ 7520, "/sys" ], [ 7525, "/run" ], [ 7536, "failed to mount moving %s to %s" ], [ 7568, "forcing unmount of %s" ], [ 7592, "failed to change directory to %s" ], [ 7627, "cannot open %s" ], [ 7648, "failed to mount moving %s to /" ], [ 7679, "failed to change root" ], [ 7704, "old root filesystem is not an initramfs" ], [ 7760, "%s [options] \u003cnewrootdir\u003e \u003cinit\u003e \u003cargs to init\u003e" ], [ 7816, "Switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree." ], [ 7888, "display version" ], [ 7904, "display this help" ], [ 7922, "-V, --version" ], [ 7949, "%-16s%s" ], [ 7966, "For more details see %s." ], [ 7993, "switch_root(8)" ], [ 8008, "%s from %s" ], [ 8020, "util-linux 2.33" ], [ 8040, "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], [ 8082, "not enough arguments" ], [ 8103, "bad usage" ], [ 8113, "failed. Sorry." ], [ 8128, "cannot access %s" ], [ 8145, "failed to execute %s" ], [ 8166, "version" ], [ 9784, "GCC: (GNU) 10.1.0" ], [ 12569, "crtstuff.c" ], [ 12580, "deregister_tm_clones" ], [ 12601, "__do_global_dtors_aux" ], [ 12623, "completed.0" ], [ 12635, "__do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry" ], [ 12674, "frame_dummy" ], [ 12686, "__frame_dummy_init_array_entry" ], [ 12717, "switch_root.c" ], [ 12731, "close_stream" ], [ 12744, "close_stdout" ], [ 12757, "recursiveRemove" ], [ 12773, "switchroot" ], [ 12790, "longopts.0" ], [ 12801, "__FRAME_END__" ], [ 12815, "__init_array_end" ], [ 12832, "_DYNAMIC" ], [ 12841, "__init_array_start" ], [ 12860, "__GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR" ], [ 12879, "_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_" ], [ 12901, "__libc_csu_fini" ], [ 12917, "__progname@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 12941, "__stat" ], [ 12948, "__errno_location@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 12978, "_ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable" ], [ 13006, "stdout@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13045, "chroot@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13065, "__fpending@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13089, "warn@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13107, "unlinkat@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 13127, "ferror@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13147, "atexit" ], [ 13154, "_edata" ], [ 13161, "umount2@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13182, "fclose@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13202, "mount@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13221, "openat@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 13239, "chdir@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13258, "getopt_long@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13283, "errx@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13301, "gettext@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13322, "warnx@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13341, "__fxstatat@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 13363, "snprintf@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13385, "fputs@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13404, "closedir@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13426, "fputc@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13445, "__libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13476, "__data_start" ], [ 13489, "strcmp@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13509, "dirfd@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13528, "fprintf@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13564, "__dso_handle" ], [ 13577, "_IO_stdin_used" ], [ 13592, "__xstat@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13613, "readdir@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13634, "__libc_csu_init" ], [ 13650, "fstatat" ], [ 13658, "__fxstat@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13680, "__bss_start" ], [ 13692, "main" ], [ 13697, "open@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13715, "access@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13735, "__fstat" ], [ 13743, "fdopendir@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 13764, "fstatfs@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13785, "__cxa_atexit@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13811, "__TMC_END__" ], [ 13823, "_ITM_registerTMCloneTable" ], [ 13849, "program_invocation_short_name@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13892, "execv@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13911, "fork@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13929, "stderr@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 13950, ".symtab" ], [ 13958, ".strtab" ], [ 13966, ".shstrtab" ], [ 13976, ".interp" ], [ 13984, ".note.ABI-tag" ], [ 13998, ".hash" ], [ 14004, ".dynsym" ], [ 14012, ".dynstr" ], [ 14020, ".gnu.version" ], [ 14033, ".gnu.version_r" ], [ 14048, ".rela.dyn" ], [ 14058, ".rela.plt" ], [ 14068, ".init" ], [ 14074, ".plt.got" ], [ 14083, ".text" ], [ 14089, ".fini" ], [ 14095, ".rodata" ], [ 14103, ".eh_frame_hdr" ], [ 14117, ".eh_frame" ], [ 14127, ".init_array" ], [ 14139, ".fini_array" ], [ 14151, ".dynamic" ], [ 14160, ".got.plt" ], [ 14169, ".data" ], [ 14175, ".bss" ], [ 14180, ".comment" ] ], "sz": 16048, "ts": [ { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter present", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not digitally signed", "i": "metadata/unsigned", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "open" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::open-base", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 25+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 41.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-25", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 41.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 51.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 30+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 41.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-30", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Version information string", "e": [ "--version" ], "i": "metadata/package/help::version-text", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary format is identified", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary::binary-format-checked", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __errno_location", "e": [ "errno_location" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-errno", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average string entropy", "e": [ "binary.avg_string_entropy = 3.07" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-string-entropy-4-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Unmount file system", "e": [ "umount2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/volume/umount::umount2-fn", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Mount file systems", "e": [ "mount" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/volume/mount::mount-fn", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Reference to /lib64", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/system::system-lib64", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Write single bytes to file", "e": [ "fputc" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/write::fputc", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Look up file permissions", "e": [ "stat", "fstat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/chmod/get::get-dup", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF64 class marker", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::elf64-class", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Mount file systems", "e": [ "mount" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/volume/mount::mount-underscore", "l": 3 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 2.15" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-complexity-15-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __cxa_atexit", "e": [ "cxa_atexit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-cxa-atexit", "l": 2 }, { "d": ".so extension reference", "e": [ ".so" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/extension::so", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "openat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::openat", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many functions (\u003e30)", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 59.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses fdopendir", "e": [ "fdopendir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-fdopendir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many exports (\u003e10)", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 51.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Process forking", "e": [ "fork" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/fork/clone::fork", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 59.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions-50", "l": 1 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library exports", "e": [ "libc_start_main" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-symbols", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "CLI help or usage text", "e": [ "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::help-usage-string", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 3+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 59.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::few-functions-3", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "chdir syscall symbol", "e": [ "chdir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/mkdir::chdir-symbol", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Check if file exists", "e": [ "access" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/stat::stat-exists", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynamic section name", "e": [ ".dynamic" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynamic-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Terminate process immediately without cleanup", "e": [ "exit", "exit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/terminate/signal::_exit", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not position-independent (fixed load address)", "e": [ "binary.is_pie = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 9+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 51.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-9", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses readdir", "e": [ "readdir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-readdir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 40+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 41.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-40", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Small ELF binary (\u003c 50KB)", "e": [ "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-10.1.0__O0__no-obf__unstripped__util-linux-2.33__switch_root" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::small-elf-binary", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "C-style exec family functions", "e": [ "execv" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/create/execv::c-exec-variants", "l": 3 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ sections (installer/packer)", "e": [ "binary.section_count = 28.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-sections-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses closedir", "e": [ "closedir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-closedir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "libc version string pattern", "e": [ "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-version-string", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Binary exports symbols", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 51.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/symbols::has-exports", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "File is a compiled binary", "e": [ "binary.file_size = 16048.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/framework::is-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Binary has low overall entropy", "e": [ "binary.overall_entropy = 2.64" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::low-overall-entropy-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynamic section name", "e": [ ".dynamic" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-dynamic-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "No RELRO (GOT writable after load)", "e": [ "elf.relro = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-relro", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "Delete files by fd/path", "e": [ "unlinkat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/delete::unlinkat", "l": 3 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library metadata", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking/runtime::needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "No stack canary (stack smashing protection absent)", "e": [ "elf.stack_canary = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-stack-canary", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Read file status and metadata (core)", "e": [ "stat", "fstatat", "fstat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/stat::stat-core", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter metadata", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking/runtime::interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Tiny C string section ratio", "e": [ " = 0.0% of total (0 / 16048 bytes)" ], "i": "metadata/binary/section/metrics::tiny-cstring-section", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.75, "d": "Low average code complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 2.15" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::low-average-complexity", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Binary not position-independent (no ASLR)", "e": [ "elf.e_type = 2.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie-struct", "l": 3 } ], "sha": "cba03bc1bee8bcd6f9a1912e9261680884fdc2b13a892769966645ca8c161b82", "path": "/data/samples/good/datasets/Labeled-Elfs/benignware/x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-10.1.0__O0__no-obf__unstripped__util-linux-2.33__switch_root", "type": "elf" } ], "tv": "2a0fe" } }