{ "ml": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "id": 0, "prob": 0.9502618908882141, "class": 0 } ], "prob": 0.9502619, "class": 0, "version": "v16.16", "thresholds": [ 0.9815004, 0.99404883 ], "analyzed_at": "2026-05-02T11:16:44Z" }, "path": "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__clang-6.0.0__Os__no-obf__unstripped__util-linux-2.33__switch_root", "raw": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "f": "H₂(F₃Po)Md₂(HeBi₃)", "x": 5, "id": 0, "is": [ "", "errno_location", "exit", "chroot", "fpending", "warn", "unlinkat", "ferror", "umount2", "fclose", "dcgettext", "mount", "openat", "chdir", "getopt_long", "errx", "printf", "warnx", "fxstatat", "snprintf", "fputs", "close", "closedir", "libc_start_main", "strcmp", "dirfd", "fprintf", "gmon_start__", "xstat", "readdir", "err", "fxstat", "open", "access", "fdopendir", "fstatfs", "cxa_atexit", "exit", "execv", "fork" ], "ms": { "elf": { "relro": "partial", "e_type": 2.0, "has_got": true, "has_plt": true, "has_note": true, "e_machine": 62.0, "class_bits": 64.0, "note_count": 1.0, "nx_enabled": true, "entry_point": 4198256.0, "needed_libs": 1.0, "dynsym_count": 44.0, "has_eh_frame": true, "symtab_count": 116.0, "dynrela_count": 4.0, "entry_section": ".text", "little_endian": true, "pltreloc_count": 38.0, "has_interpreter": true, "fini_array_count": 1.0, "gnu_hash_present": true, "init_array_count": 1.0, "program_header_count": 9.0, "section_header_count": 30.0, "load_segment_max_p_memsz": 7948.0, "load_segment_max_p_filesz": 7948.0, "section_relocation_group_count": 2.0 }, "binary": { "code_size": 3184.0, "file_size": 19072.0, "entry_point": 4198256.0, "has_overlay": true, "code_entropy": 3.85, "data_entropy": 2.27, "export_count": 50.0, "import_count": 40.0, "overlay_size": 1920.0, "string_count": 171.0, "overlay_ratio": 0.1, "section_count": 29.0, "avg_complexity": 2.21, "function_count": 56.0, "import_density": 12.86, "max_complexity": 26.0, "string_density": 54.99, "aliased_exports": 37.0, "overall_entropy": 2.74, "overlay_entropy": 1.54, "avg_basic_blocks": 2.93, "avg_section_size": 439.1, "dependency_count": 1.0, "entropy_variance": 1.63, "function_density": 18.01, "avg_function_size": 48.43, "avg_string_length": 15.06, "complexity_per_kb": 0.71, "max_string_length": 59.0, "avg_string_entropy": 3.07, "code_to_data_ratio": 0.33, "data_to_file_ratio": 0.0, "text_to_file_ratio": 0.13, "total_basic_blocks": 164.0, "string_length_stddev": 9.54, "largest_section_ratio": 0.15, "sentence_string_count": 21.0, "sentence_string_ratio": 0.12, "behavioral_import_ratio": 0.05, "function_analysis_depth": 2.0 } }, "ss": [ [ 0, "printf" ], [ 568, "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], [ 1755, "chroot" ], [ 1762, "readdir" ], [ 1770, "execv" ], [ 1776, "dcgettext" ], [ 1786, "unlinkat" ], [ 1795, "closedir" ], [ 1815, "fstatfs" ], [ 1834, "__errno_location" ], [ 1857, "stdout" ], [ 1870, "fclose" ], [ 1877, "fdopendir" ], [ 1887, "stderr" ], [ 1894, "getopt_long" ], [ 1906, "__fpending" ], [ 1917, "open" ], [ 1922, "fprintf" ], [ 1930, "program_invocation_short_name" ], [ 1960, "umount2" ], [ 1968, "openat" ], [ 1975, "mount" ], [ 1986, "access" ], [ 2000, "__libc_start_main" ], [ 2024, "ferror" ], [ 2031, "snprintf" ], [ 2040, "__progname" ], [ 2051, "__cxa_atexit" ], [ 2064, "__xstat" ], [ 2072, "__fxstat" ], [ 2081, "__fxstatat" ], [ 2092, "__gmon_start__" ], [ 4200, "UAWAVAUATSH" ], [ 5267, "UAVSH" ], [ 5513, "AVSPH" ], [ 6240, "AWAVA" ], [ 6247, "AUATL" ], [ 6611, "%s from %s" ], [ 6623, "util-linux 2.33" ], [ 6639, "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], [ 6678, "not enough arguments" ], [ 6699, "bad usage" ], [ 6709, "failed. Sorry." ], [ 6724, "cannot access %s" ], [ 6741, "failed to execute %s" ], [ 6762, "write error" ], [ 6783, "%s [options] \u003cnewrootdir\u003e \u003cinit\u003e \u003cargs to init\u003e" ], [ 6833, "Switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree." ], [ 6905, "%-16s%s" ], [ 6934, "display this help" ], [ 6952, "-V, --version" ], [ 6967, "display version" ], [ 6983, "For more details see %s." ], [ 7010, "switch_root(8)" ], [ 7025, "/dev" ], [ 7030, "/proc" ], [ 7036, "/sys" ], [ 7041, "/run" ], [ 7046, "stat of %s failed" ], [ 7069, "failed to mount moving %s to %s" ], [ 7101, "forcing unmount of %s" ], [ 7123, "failed to change directory to %s" ], [ 7156, "cannot open %s" ], [ 7171, "failed to mount moving %s to /" ], [ 7202, "failed to change root" ], [ 7224, "old root filesystem is not an initramfs" ], [ 7264, "failed to open directory" ], [ 7289, "stat failed" ], [ 7301, "failed to read directory" ], [ 7329, "failed to unlink %s" ], [ 12632, "GCC: (Ubuntu 5.5.0-12ubuntu1~16.04) 5.5.0 20171010" ], [ 12683, "clang version 6.0.0 (tags/RELEASE_600/final)" ], [ 15513, "crtstuff.c" ], [ 15524, "__JCR_LIST__" ], [ 15537, "deregister_tm_clones" ], [ 15558, "__do_global_dtors_aux" ], [ 15580, "completed.7596" ], [ 15595, "__do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry" ], [ 15634, "frame_dummy" ], [ 15646, "__frame_dummy_init_array_entry" ], [ 15677, "switch_root.c" ], [ 15691, "close_stdout" ], [ 15704, "main.longopts" ], [ 15718, "recursiveRemove" ], [ 15740, "__FRAME_END__" ], [ 15754, "__JCR_END__" ], [ 15766, "__init_array_end" ], [ 15783, "_DYNAMIC" ], [ 15792, "__init_array_start" ], [ 15811, "__GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR" ], [ 15830, "_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_" ], [ 15852, "__libc_csu_fini" ], [ 15868, "__progname@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 15892, "__stat" ], [ 15899, "__errno_location@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 15929, "_ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable" ], [ 15957, "stdout@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 15996, "chroot@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16016, "__fpending@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16040, "warn@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16058, "unlinkat@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 16078, "ferror@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16098, "atexit" ], [ 16105, "_edata" ], [ 16112, "umount2@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16133, "fclose@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16153, "dcgettext@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16176, "mount@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16195, "openat@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 16213, "chdir@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16232, "getopt_long@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16257, "errx@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16275, "warnx@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16294, "__fxstatat@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 16316, "snprintf@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16338, "fputs@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16357, "closedir@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16379, "__libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16410, "__data_start" ], [ 16423, "strcmp@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16443, "dirfd@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16462, "fprintf@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16498, "__dso_handle" ], [ 16511, "_IO_stdin_used" ], [ 16526, "__xstat@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16547, "readdir@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16568, "__libc_csu_init" ], [ 16584, "fstatat" ], [ 16592, "__fxstat@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16614, "__bss_start" ], [ 16626, "main" ], [ 16631, "open@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16649, "access@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16669, "__fstat" ], [ 16677, "_Jv_RegisterClasses" ], [ 16697, "fdopendir@@GLIBC_2.4" ], [ 16718, "fstatfs@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16739, "__cxa_atexit@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16765, "__TMC_END__" ], [ 16777, "_ITM_registerTMCloneTable" ], [ 16803, "program_invocation_short_name@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16846, "execv@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16865, "fork@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16883, "stderr@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], [ 16904, ".symtab" ], [ 16912, ".strtab" ], [ 16920, ".shstrtab" ], [ 16930, ".interp" ], [ 16938, ".note.ABI-tag" ], [ 16952, ".gnu.hash" ], [ 16962, ".dynsym" ], [ 16970, ".dynstr" ], [ 16978, ".gnu.version" ], [ 16991, ".gnu.version_r" ], [ 17006, ".rela.dyn" ], [ 17016, ".rela.plt" ], [ 17026, ".init" ], [ 17032, ".plt.got" ], [ 17041, ".text" ], [ 17047, ".fini" ], [ 17053, ".rodata" ], [ 17061, ".eh_frame_hdr" ], [ 17075, ".eh_frame" ], [ 17085, ".init_array" ], [ 17097, ".fini_array" ], [ 17109, ".jcr" ], [ 17114, ".dynamic" ], [ 17123, ".got.plt" ], [ 17132, ".data" ], [ 17138, ".bss" ], [ 17143, ".comment" ] ], "sz": 19072, "ts": [ { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter present", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not digitally signed", "i": "metadata/unsigned", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "openat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::openat", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Small ELF binary (\u003c 50KB)", "e": [ "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__clang-6.0.0__Os__no-obf__unstripped__util-linux-2.33__switch_root" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::small-elf-binary", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 9+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 50.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-9", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Version information string", "e": [ "--version" ], "i": "metadata/package/help::version-text", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "open" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::open-base", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Process forking", "e": [ "fork" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/fork/clone::fork", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 3+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 56.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::few-functions-3", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Reference to /lib64", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/system::system-lib64", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Check if file exists", "e": [ "access" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/stat::stat-exists", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Terminate process immediately without cleanup", "e": [ "exit", "exit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/terminate/signal::_exit", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library exports", "e": [ "libc_start_main" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-symbols", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "File is a compiled binary", "e": [ "binary.file_size = 19072.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/framework::is-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 2.21" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-complexity-15-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ sections (installer/packer)", "e": [ "binary.section_count = 29.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-sections-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Mount file systems", "e": [ "mount" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/volume/mount::mount-underscore", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Look up file permissions", "e": [ "stat", "fstat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/chmod/get::get-dup", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __errno_location", "e": [ "errno_location" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-errno", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses readdir", "e": [ "readdir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-readdir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many exports (\u003e10)", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 50.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "CLI help or usage text", "e": [ "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::help-usage-string", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary format is identified", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary::binary-format-checked", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Mount file systems", "e": [ "mount" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/volume/mount::mount-fn", "l": 3 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not position-independent (fixed load address)", "e": [ "binary.is_pie = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie", "l": 2 }, { "d": ".so extension reference", "e": [ ".so" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/extension::so", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __cxa_atexit", "e": [ "cxa_atexit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-cxa-atexit", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average string entropy", "e": [ "binary.avg_string_entropy = 3.07" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-string-entropy-4-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many functions (\u003e30)", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 56.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "C-style exec family functions", "e": [ "execv" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/create/execv::c-exec-variants", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Unmount file system", "e": [ "umount2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/volume/umount::umount2-fn", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Compiler/project context token", "e": [ "clang version" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library::llvm-project-ref-b", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses closedir", "e": [ "closedir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-closedir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 50.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-20", "l": 1 }, { "d": "Binary exports symbols", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 50.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/symbols::has-exports", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses fdopendir", "e": [ "fdopendir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-fdopendir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 56.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions-50", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 30+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 40.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-30", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "libc version string pattern", "e": [ "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-version-string", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF64 class marker", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::elf64-class", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 25+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 40.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-25", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "chdir syscall symbol", "e": [ "chdir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/mkdir::chdir-symbol", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 40+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 40.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-40", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Binary has low overall entropy", "e": [ "binary.overall_entropy = 2.74" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::low-overall-entropy-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynamic section name", "e": [ ".dynamic" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynamic-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 40.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "No stack canary (stack smashing protection absent)", "e": [ "elf.stack_canary = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-stack-canary", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.75, "d": "Low average code complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 2.21" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::low-average-complexity", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Read file status and metadata (core)", "e": [ "stat", "fstatat", "fstat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/stat::stat-core", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Tiny C string section ratio", "e": [ " = 0.0% of total (0 / 19072 bytes)" ], "i": "metadata/binary/section/metrics::tiny-cstring-section", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library metadata", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking/runtime::needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Binary not position-independent (no ASLR)", "e": [ "elf.e_type = 2.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie-struct", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynamic section name", "e": [ ".dynamic" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::elf-dynamic-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter metadata", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking/runtime::interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "Delete files by fd/path", "e": [ "unlinkat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/delete::unlinkat", "l": 3 } ], "sha": "8d1c1807f7df98dcb14a40022b3d9af8b48f510add41577a545e8c7c7f2a3d7e", "path": "/data/samples/good/datasets/Labeled-Elfs/benignware/x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__clang-6.0.0__Os__no-obf__unstripped__util-linux-2.33__switch_root", "type": "elf" } ], "tv": "7e897" } }