{ "ml": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "id": 0, "prob": 0.00141910498496145, "class": 0 } ], "prob": 0.001419105, "class": 0, "models": [ { "m": "az", "prob": 0.001419105, "class": 0 }, { "m": "az/native", "prob": 0.00008303844, "class": 0 }, { "m": "az/elf", "prob": 0.000027735457, "class": 0 } ], "version": "v16.16", "thresholds": [ 0.9953178, 0.9991311 ], "analyzed_at": "2026-05-02T20:05:25Z" }, "path": "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-6.5.0__O1__no-obf__unstripped__coreutils-8.30__uniq", "raw": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "f": "O₂(CI)H₃(FPoDb₂)Md₂(HeBi₂)", "x": 4, "id": 0, "is": [ "", "ctype_toupper_loc", "uflow", "getenv", "free", "abort", "errno_location", "strncmp", "exit", "fpending", "textdomain", "fclose", "bindtextdomain", "dcgettext", "ctype_get_mb_cur_max", "getopt_long", "mbrtowc", "dup2", "strchr", "overflow", "strrchr", "lseek", "assert_fail", "memset", "freopen", "close", "posix_fadvise", "libc_start_main", "memcmp", "fputs_unlocked", "calloc", "gmon_start__", "strtol", "memcpy", 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512, "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], [ 2539, "fflush" ], [ 2546, "__printf_chk" ], [ 2559, "setlocale" ], [ 2569, "mbrtowc" ], [ 2577, "strncmp" ], [ 2585, "optind" ], [ 2592, "strrchr" ], [ 2600, "dcgettext" ], [ 2610, "error" ], [ 2616, "iswprint" ], [ 2625, "realloc" ], [ 2633, "abort" ], [ 2651, "program_invocation_name" ], [ 2675, "__assert_fail" ], [ 2689, "__ctype_get_mb_cur_max" ], [ 2712, "strtol" ], [ 2719, "posix_fadvise" ], [ 2733, "calloc" ], [ 2740, "memset" ], [ 2747, "__errno_location" ], [ 2764, "memcmp" ], [ 2776, "__fprintf_chk" ], [ 2790, "stdout" ], [ 2797, "lseek" ], [ 2803, "memcpy" ], [ 2810, "fclose" ], [ 2817, "strtoul" ], [ 2825, "malloc" ], [ 2832, "mbsinit" ], [ 2840, "__uflow" ], [ 2848, "nl_langinfo" ], [ 2860, "__ctype_b_loc" ], [ 2874, "getenv" ], [ 2881, "optarg" ], [ 2888, "__freading" ], [ 2899, "stderr" ], [ 2906, "getopt_long" ], [ 2918, "freopen" ], [ 2926, "fileno" ], [ 2933, "fwrite" ], [ 2940, "__fpending" ], [ 2958, "program_invocation_short_name" ], [ 2988, "__ctype_toupper_loc" ], [ 3008, "bindtextdomain" ], [ 3023, "fwrite_unlocked" ], [ 3039, "__libc_start_main" ], [ 3057, "fseeko" ], [ 3064, "strcoll" ], [ 3072, "__overflow" ], [ 3083, "fputs_unlocked" ], [ 3098, "free" ], [ 3103, "__progname" ], [ 3114, "__progname_full" ], [ 3130, "__cxa_atexit" ], [ 3143, "__gmon_start__" ], [ 3170, "GLIBC_2.14" ], [ 6362, "AVAUATUSL" ], [ 6539, "ATUSH" ], [ 7820, "AWAVAUATUSH" ], [ 18080, "ATUSL" ], [ 19788, "AWAVM" ], [ 19882, "AWAVAUM" ], [ 19985, "AWAVAUATL" ], [ 20105, "AWAVAUAT" ], [ 21033, "TUUUUUUU" ], [ 21167, "SUUUUUUUH9" ], [ 21452, "AVAUATUSA" ], [ 21666, "AVAUATUSH" ], [ 23216, "AUATUSH" ], [ 23827, "AVAUATUSI" ], [ 23952, "AWAVA" ], [ 23959, "AUATL" ], [ 24184, "test invocation" ], [ 24200, "Multi-call invocation" ], [ 24222, "sha224sum" ], [ 24232, "sha2 utilities" ], [ 24247, "sha256sum" ], [ 24257, "sha384sum" ], [ 24267, "sha512sum" ], [ 24277, "%s online help: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 24300, "GNU coreutils" ], [ 24318, "POSIXLY_CORRECT" ], [ 24334, "-0123456789Dcdf:is:uw:z" ], [ 24358, "extra operand %s" ], [ 24375, "--all-repeated" ], [ 24390, "--group" ], [ 24398, "David MacKenzie" ], [ 24414, "Richard M. Stallman" ], [ 24436, "error reading %s" ], [ 24453, "count" ], [ 24459, "ignore-case" ], [ 24471, "unique" ], [ 24478, "skip-fields" ], [ 24490, "skip-chars" ], [ 24501, "check-chars" ], [ 24513, "zero-terminated" ], [ 24534, "version" ], [ 24542, "prepend" ], [ 24550, "append" ], [ 24557, "separate" ], [ 24571, "none" ], [ 24576, "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], [ 24616, "Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]" ], [ 24656, "Filter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input),\nwriting to OUTPUT (or standard output).\n\nWith no options, matchin" ], [ 24719, "writing to OUTPUT (or standard output)." ], [ 24760, "With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence." ], [ 24832, "Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too." ], [ 24912, "-c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences" ], [ 24978, "-d, --repeated only print duplicate lines, one for each group" ], [ 25056, "-D print all duplicate lines\n --all-repeated[=METHOD] like -D, but allow separating groups\n " ], [ 25106, "--all-repeated[=METHOD] like -D, but allow separating groups" ], [ 25174, "with an empty line;" ], [ 25227, "METHOD={none(default),prepend,separate}" ], [ 25304, "-f, --skip-fields=N avoid comparing the first N fields" ], [ 25368, "--group[=METHOD] show all items, separating groups with an empty line;" ], [ 25446, "METHOD={separate(default),prepend,append,both}" ], [ 25520, "-i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing" ], [ 25586, "-s, --skip-chars=N avoid comparing the first N characters" ], [ 25649, "-u, --unique only print unique lines" ], [ 25704, "-z, --zero-terminated line delimiter is NUL, not newline" ], [ 25768, "-w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines" ], [ 25840, "--help display this help and exit" ], [ 25888, "--version output version information and exit" ], [ 25944, "A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank\ncharacters. Fields are skipped before chars." ], [ 25945, "A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank" ], [ 26017, "characters. Fields are skipped before chars." ], [ 26064, "Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent.\nYou may want to sort the input first, or use 'sort -u' wit" ], [ 26065, "Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent." ], [ 26135, "You may want to sort the input first, or use 'sort -u' without 'uniq'." ], [ 26206, "Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by 'LC_COLLATE'." ], [ 26272, "https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" ], [ 26312, "Report %s translation bugs to \u003chttps://translationproject.org/team/\u003e" ], [ 26384, "Full documentation at: \u003c%s%s\u003e" ], [ 26416, "or available locally via: info '(coreutils) %s%s'" ], [ 26472, "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], [ 26512, "invalid number of fields to skip" ], [ 26552, "invalid number of bytes to skip" ], [ 26584, "invalid number of bytes to compare" ], [ 26624, "--group is mutually exclusive with -c/-d/-D/-u" ], [ 26672, "grouping and printing repeat counts is meaningless" ], [ 26728, "printing all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaningless" ], [ 27360, "8.30" ], [ 27365, "invalid argument %s for %s" ], [ 27392, "ambiguous argument %s for %s" ], [ 27421, "Valid arguments are:" ], [ 27455, "write error" ], [ 27467, "/dev/null" ], [ 27477, "POSIX" ], [ 27483, "_POSIX2_VERSION" ], [ 27504, "A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call." ], [ 27560, "/.libs/" ], [ 27591, "GB18030" ], [ 27601, "literal" ], [ 27615, "shell-always" ], [ 27628, "shell-escape" ], [ 27641, "shell-escape-always" ], [ 27661, "c-maybe" ], [ 27669, "clocale" ], [ 29464, "%s (%s) %s" ], [ 29487, "Written by %s." ], [ 29503, "Written by %s and %s." ], [ 29526, "Written by %s, %s, and %s." ], [ 29554, "Report bugs to: %s" ], [ 29575, "bug-coreutils@gnu.org" ], [ 29597, "%s home page: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 29624, "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later \u003chttps://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html\u003e.\nThis is free software: you are free to change an" ], [ 29625, "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later \u003chttps://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html\u003e." ], [ 29705, "This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it." ], [ 29772, "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law." ], [ 29832, "Written by %s, %s, %s," ], [ 29855, "and %s." ], [ 29887, "%s, and %s." ], [ 29927, "%s, %s, and %s." ], [ 29967, "%s, %s, %s, and %s." ], [ 30135, "%s, %s, and others." ], [ 30160, "General help using GNU software: \u003chttps://www.gnu.org/gethelp/\u003e" ], [ 30336, "Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc." ], [ 30383, "memory exhausted" ], [ 30400, "string comparison failed" ], [ 30432, "Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem." ], [ 30480, "The strings compared were %s and %s." ], [ 30517, "lib/xstrtol.c" ], [ 30536, "0 \u003c= strtol_base \u0026\u0026 strtol_base \u003c= 36" ], [ 31392, "xstrtoul" ], [ 31401, "ASCII" ], [ 37972, "GCC: (GNU) 6.5.0" ], [ 44761, "crtstuff.c" ], [ 44772, "__JCR_LIST__" ], [ 44785, 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"metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not digitally signed", "i": "metadata/unsigned", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Usage: label in binary strings", "e": [ "Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]" ], "i": "metadata/package/help::usage-title-string", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 148.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "open" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::open-base", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not position-independent (fixed load address)", "e": [ "binary.is_pie = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average string entropy", "e": [ "binary.avg_string_entropy = 3.20" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-string-entropy-4-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Abort program execution", "e": [ "abort" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/signal/handler::abort", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Version information string", "e": [ "--version" ], "i": "metadata/package/help::version-text", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Small ELF binary (\u003c 50KB)", "e": [ "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-6.5.0__O1__no-obf__unstripped__coreutils-8.30__uniq" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::small-elf-binary", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Duplicate file descriptor (I/O redirection)", "e": [ "dup2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/fd/dup::dup2", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 30+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 55.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-30", "l": 1 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __assert_fail", "e": [ "assert_fail" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-assert-fail", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 55.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-50", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "freopen stream redirection import", "e": [ "freopen" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/fd/stdio::freopen-import", "l": 3 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "GPL license reference", "e": [ "GPL", "GPL" ], "i": "metadata/package/license::gpl-word", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynamic section name", "e": [ ".dynamic" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynamic-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __errno_location", "e": [ "errno_location" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-errno", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 40+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 55.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-40", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 25+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 55.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-25", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.75, "d": "String to long integer conversion (strtol)", "e": [ "strtol" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/data/string/conversion::strtol", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "/dev/null (legitimate discard device)", "e": [ "/dev/null" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/device::dev-null", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1059.006", "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Named /tmp execution path", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils" ], "i": "objectives/command-and-control/dropper::tmp-path", "l": 1, "m": "B0024" }, { "a": "T1005", "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Seeks to position in file", "e": [ "fseeko", "fseeko@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "rpl_fseeko", "sym.imp.fseeko", "sym.rpl_fseeko" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/binary::fseek-func", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 160.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions-50", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Reference to /lib64", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/system::system-lib64", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "File is a compiled binary", "e": [ "binary.file_size = 50840.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/framework::is-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ sections (installer/packer)", "e": [ "binary.section_count = 29.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-sections-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 55.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF64 class marker", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::elf64-class", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many functions (\u003e30)", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 160.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "CLI help or usage text", "e": [ "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::help-usage-string", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Write files", "e": [ "fwrite" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/write::write", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1486", "c": 0.75, "d": "flock LOCK_EX call bytecode pattern", "e": [ "be 21 09 00 00", "be dd e5 ff ff", "bf dd e5 ff ff", "bf 23 ff ff ff", "bf f5 e4 ff ff", "bb 03 00 00 eb", "ba ff fc ff ff" ], "i": "objectives/impact/ransom/esxi::flock-lockex", "l": 1, "m": "C0027" }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 5.76" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-complexity-15-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "libc version string pattern", "e": [ "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC", "GLIBC" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-version-string", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1055", "c": 0.25, "d": "Repeated 0x07 code constant (possible PROT_RWX)", "e": [ "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/mem/protect/modify::rwx-prot-bytes", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "/tmp/ path component", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::tmp-path-content", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Copyright notice", "e": [ "Copyright" ], "i": "metadata/package/license::copyright-word", "l": 2 }, { "d": ".so extension reference", "e": [ ".so" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/extension::so", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 3+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 160.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::few-functions-3", "l": 1 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __cxa_atexit", "e": [ "cxa_atexit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-cxa-atexit", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Binary exports symbols", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 148.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/symbols::has-exports", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 100+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 148.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-100", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Terminate process immediately without cleanup", "e": [ "exit", "exit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/terminate/signal::_exit", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Binary has low overall entropy", "e": [ "binary.overall_entropy = 2.72" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::low-overall-entropy-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "GNU coreutils reference", "e": [ "GNU coreutils" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library::gnu-coreutils-ref", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many exports (\u003e10)", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 148.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports", "l": 2 }, { "d": "overflow keyword", "e": [ "__overflow", "__overflow@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "overflow", "overflow@@GLIBC_2.2.5" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/data/text/keywords::overflow", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.20000000298023224, "d": "output keyword", "e": [ "… 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[INPUT [OUTPUT]]" ], "i": "metadata/package/help::documented-cli-binary", "l": 1 } ], "sha": "53cd5ebcbce8ec43d1da56913dbe6699c93c2421135f6946a4e96e551ae3577b", "path": "/data/samples/good/datasets/Labeled-Elfs/benignware/x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-6.5.0__O1__no-obf__unstripped__coreutils-8.30__uniq", "type": "elf" } ], "tv": "96b0e" } }