{ "ml": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "id": 0, "prob": 0.0029250902589410543, "class": 0 } ], "prob": 0.0029250903, "class": 0, "models": [ { "m": "az", "prob": 0.0029250903, "class": 0 }, { "m": "az/native", "prob": 0.0002498073, "class": 0 }, { "m": "az/elf", "prob": 0.0000891065, "class": 0 } ], "version": "v16.16", "thresholds": [ 0.9953178, 0.9991311 ], "analyzed_at": "2026-05-02T18:11:17Z" }, "path": "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__llvm-obfuscator-3.5.0__O3__mllvmsub_mllvmbcf__unstripped__coreutils-8.30__pr", "raw": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "f": "O₂(CI)H₂(FDb₂)Md₂(HeBi₂)", "x": 4, "id": 0, "is": [ "", "ctype_toupper_loc", "uflow", "getenv", "free", "abort", "errno_location", "strncmp", "localtime_r", "exit", "fpending", "iswcntrl", "fcntl", "clock_gettime", "setenv", "textdomain", "strtol_internal", "fclose", "bindtextdomain", "dcgettext", "ctype_get_mb_cur_max", "strlen", "getopt_long", "mbrtowc", "strchr", "overflow", "strrchr", "gmtime_r", "lseek", "gettimeofday", "assert_fail", 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30.0, "load_segment_max_p_memsz": 112908.0, "load_segment_max_p_filesz": 112908.0, "section_relocation_group_count": 2.0 }, "binary": { "code_size": 89444.0, "file_size": 139144.0, "entry_point": 4201616.0, "has_overlay": true, "code_entropy": 4.03, "data_entropy": 3.07, "export_count": 165.0, "import_count": 72.0, "overlay_size": 1927.0, "string_count": 742.0, "overlay_ratio": 0.01, "section_count": 29.0, "avg_complexity": 16.37, "function_count": 197.0, "import_density": 0.82, "max_complexity": 430.0, "string_density": 8.49, "aliased_exports": 69.0, "overall_entropy": 2.85, "overlay_entropy": 1.6, "avg_basic_blocks": 23.36, "avg_section_size": 4705.28, "dependency_count": 1.0, "entropy_variance": 1.66, "function_density": 2.26, "avg_function_size": 445.99, "avg_string_length": 17.7, "complexity_per_kb": 0.19, "max_string_length": 397.0, "avg_string_entropy": 3.07, "code_to_data_ratio": 1.9, "data_to_file_ratio": 0.0, "text_to_file_ratio": 0.63, "total_basic_blocks": 4602.0, "string_length_stddev": 23.17, "largest_section_ratio": 0.63, "sentence_string_count": 97.0, "sentence_string_ratio": 0.13, "behavioral_import_ratio": 0.03, "function_analysis_depth": 2.0, "high_complexity_functions": 12.0 } }, "ss": [ [ 0, "textdomain" ], [ 512, "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], [ 3131, "fflush" ], [ 3138, "gmtime_r" ], [ 3147, "__printf_chk" ], [ 3160, "setlocale" ], [ 3170, "mbrtowc" ], [ 3178, "fopen" ], [ 3184, "strncmp" ], [ 3192, "optind" ], [ 3199, "strrchr" ], [ 3207, "dcgettext" ], [ 3217, "error" ], [ 3223, "iswprint" ], [ 3232, "realloc" ], [ 3240, "abort" ], [ 3258, "program_invocation_name" ], [ 3282, "strftime" ], [ 3291, "__assert_fail" ], [ 3305, "localtime_r" ], [ 3317, "__ctype_get_mb_cur_max" ], [ 3340, "strtol" ], [ 3347, "posix_fadvise" ], [ 3361, "calloc" ], [ 3368, "strlen" ], [ 3375, "ungetc" ], [ 3382, "memset" ], [ 3389, "__errno_location" ], [ 3406, "memcmp" ], [ 3413, "unsetenv" ], [ 3422, "__fprintf_chk" ], [ 3436, "stdout" ], [ 3443, "lseek" ], [ 3449, "memcpy" ], [ 3456, "fclose" ], [ 3463, "__strtol_internal" ], [ 3481, "malloc" ], [ 3488, "timegm" ], [ 3495, "mbsinit" ], [ 3509, "__uflow" ], [ 3517, "nl_langinfo" ], [ 3529, "__ctype_b_loc" ], [ 3543, "getenv" ], [ 3550, "optarg" ], [ 3557, "__freading" ], [ 3568, "stderr" ], [ 3575, "wcwidth" ], [ 3583, "getopt_long" ], [ 3595, "__fxstat" ], [ 3604, "fileno" ], [ 3611, "fwrite" ], [ 3618, "gettimeofday" ], [ 3631, "clock_gettime" ], [ 3645, "__fpending" ], [ 3663, "iswcntrl" ], [ 3672, "mktime" ], [ 3679, "program_invocation_short_name" ], [ 3709, "fdopen" ], [ 3716, "__ctype_toupper_loc" ], [ 3736, "__ctype_tolower_loc" ], [ 3762, "__sprintf_chk" ], [ 3776, "bindtextdomain" ], [ 3798, "__libc_start_main" ], [ 3816, "fseeko" ], [ 3823, "__overflow" ], [ 3834, "__strtoul_internal" ], [ 3853, "fputs_unlocked" ], [ 3868, "free" ], [ 3873, "__progname" ], [ 3884, "__progname_full" ], [ 3900, "__cxa_atexit" ], [ 3913, "__gmon_start__" ], [ 3940, "GLIBC_2.14" ], [ 3951, "GLIBC_2.17" ], [ 7568, "UAWAVAUATSH" ], [ 9073, "ffffff." ], [ 9986, "fffff." ], [ 11792, "UAWAVSH" ], [ 12176, "UAWAVAUATSPI" ], [ 12736, "UAVS" ], [ 14064, "UAWAVATSI" ], [ 20288, "pffffff." ], [ 23536, "AWAVSI" ], [ 25728, "UAWAVSP" ], [ 26336, "UAWAVSPI" ], [ 26912, "UAWAVSPD" ], [ 26945, "tfffff." ], [ 32144, "UAVSH" ], [ 32768, "UAWAVAUATSPA" ], [ 35744, "UAWAVSPA" ], [ 36960, "UAWAVSPH" ], [ 38368, "USPH" ], [ 39169, "uEffff." ], [ 39698, "gffffffff" ], [ 39777, "tCffff." ], [ 39924, "gfffffffE" ], [ 41220, "AWAVAUATSH" ], [ 48130, "gfffffffH" ], [ 48482, "-ffff." ], [ 53018, "/8XlH" ], [ 64704, "AWAVS" ], [ 65984, "UAVSI" ], [ 66772, "AWAVAUATSPI" ], [ 66976, "AVSH" ], [ 67696, "AWAVSH" ], [ 68020, "AWAVAUATSPH" ], [ 68420, "AWAVAUATSPL" ], [ 69024, "AVSPI" ], [ 69936, "UAWAVAUATS" ], [ 71536, "u.fffff." ], [ 74420, "TUUUUUUU1" ], [ 74928, "AVSPH" ], [ 75376, "UAWAVAUATSPH" ], [ 81055, "/vuI" ], [ 84100, "AWAVAUATSPE" ], [ 88352, "UAWAVATSH" ], [ 89760, "AWAVATSPH" ], [ 90384, "AWAVAUATSI" ], [ 92500, "N8H9" ], [ 95408, "AWAVA" ], [ 95415, "AUATL" ], [ 96112, "-0123456789D:FJN:S::TW:abcde::fh:i::l:mn::o:rs::tvw:" ], [ 97152, "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], [ 97185, "'--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument" ], [ 97235, "invalid page range %s" ], [ 97257, "'-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines" ], [ 97298, "'-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number" ], [ 97339, "'-o MARGIN' invalid line offset" ], [ 97371, "'-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters" ], [ 97416, "'-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters" ], [ 97464, "GNU coreutils" ], [ 97478, "Pete TerMaat" ], [ 97491, "Roland Huebner" ], [ 97506, "POSIXLY_CORRECT" ], [ 97537, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M" ], [ 97555, "cannot specify number of columns when printing in parallel" ], [ 97614, "cannot specify both printing across and printing in parallel" ], [ 97675, "standard input" ], [ 97690, "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], [ 97729, "Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]..." ], [ 97762, "Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing." ], [ 97807, "+FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]" ], [ 97865, "begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE" ], [ 97935, "-COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN" ], [ 97963, "output COLUMN columns and print columns down," ], [ 98029, "unless -a is used. Balance number of lines in the" ], [ 98099, "columns on each page" ], [ 98141, "-a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together" ], [ 98214, "with -COLUMN" ], [ 98247, "-c, --show-control-chars" ], [ 98274, "use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation" ], [ 98345, "-d, --double-space" ], [ 98366, "double space the output" ], [ 98411, "-D, --date-format=FORMAT" ], [ 98438, "use FORMAT for the header date" ], [ 98489, "-e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]]" ], [ 98536, "expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)" ], [ 98621, "use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages" ], [ 98766, "and trailer without -F)" ], [ 98811, "-h, --header=HEADER" ], [ 98833, "use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header," ], [ 98973, "-i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]]" ], [ 99020, "replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)" ], [ 99090, "-J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column" ], [ 99168, "alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators" ], [ 99238, "-l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH\n set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines\n (default number o" ], [ 99265, "set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines" ], [ 99331, "(default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63)." ], [ 99405, "implies -t if PAGE_LENGTH \u003c= 10" ], [ 99458, "-m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column," ], [ 99527, "truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J" ], [ 99602, "-n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]]" ], [ 99650, "number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB)," ], [ 99723, "default counting starts with 1st line of input file" ], [ 99795, "-N, --first-line-number=NUMBER" ], [ 99828, "start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first" ], [ 99896, "page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE)" ], [ 99948, "-o, --indent=MARGIN" ], [ 99970, "offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not" ], [ 100041, "affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH" ], [ 100113, "-r, --no-file-warnings" ], [ 100138, "omit warning when a file cannot be opened" ], [ 100201, "-s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR]" ], [ 100232, "separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR" ], [ 100309, "is the \u003cTAB\u003e character without -w and 'no char' with -w." ], [ 100386, "-s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column" ], [ 100457, "options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set" ], [ 100527, "-S[STRING], --sep-string[=STRING]" ], [ 100563, "separate columns by STRING," ], [ 100611, "without -S: Default separator \u003cTAB\u003e with -J and \u003cspace\u003e" ], [ 100687, "otherwise (same as -S\" \"), no effect on column options" ], [ 100763, "-t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers;" ], [ 100816, "implied if PAGE_LENGTH \u003c= 10" ], [ 100867, "-T, --omit-pagination\n omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination\n by form f" ], [ 100891, "omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination" ], [ 100968, "by form feeds set in input files" ], [ 101021, "-v, --show-nonprinting" ], [ 101046, "use octal backslash notation" ], [ 101095, "-w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH" ], [ 101120, "set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for" ], [ 101189, "multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72)" ], [ 101268, "-W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH\n set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always,\n truncat" ], [ 101298, "set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always," ], [ 101371, "truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference" ], [ 101448, "with -S or -s" ], [ 101483, "--help display this help and exit" ], [ 101528, "--version output version information and exit" ], [ 101584, "test invocation" ], [ 101600, "Multi-call invocation" ], [ 101622, "sha224sum" ], [ 101632, "sha2 utilities" ], [ 101647, "sha256sum" ], [ 101657, "sha384sum" ], [ 101667, "sha512sum" ], [ 101677, "%s online help: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 101700, "https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" ], [ 101744, "Report %s translation bugs to \u003chttps://translationproject.org/team/\u003e" ], [ 101814, "Full documentation at: \u003c%s%s\u003e" ], [ 101845, "or available locally via: info '(coreutils) %s%s'" ], [ 101896, "Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too." ], [ 101971, "With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input." ], [ 102036, "page number overflow" ], [ 102066, "%*s%s%*s%s%*s%s" ], [ 102089, "starting page number %lu exceeds page count %lu" ], [ 102137, "integer overflow" ], [ 102154, "%s.%09d" ], [ 102162, "page width too narrow" ], [ 102186, "'-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s" ], [ 102247, "invalid number of columns" ], [ 102273, "pages" ], [ 102279, "across" ], [ 102286, "show-control-chars" ], [ 102305, "double-space" ], [ 102318, "date-format" ], [ 102330, "expand-tabs" ], [ 102342, "form-feed" ], [ 102352, "output-tabs" ], [ 102364, "join-lines" ], [ 102375, "length" ], [ 102382, "merge" ], [ 102388, "number-lines" ], [ 102401, "first-line-number" ], [ 102419, "indent" ], [ 102426, "no-file-warnings" ], [ 102443, "separator" ], [ 102453, "sep-string" ], [ 102464, "omit-header" ], [ 102476, "omit-pagination" ], [ 102492, "show-nonprinting" ], [ 102509, "page-width" ], [ 102525, "version" ], [ 102533, "8.30" ], [ 102538, "write error" ], [ 102557, "POSIX" ], [ 104048, "%m/%d/%y" ], [ 104057, "%Y-%m-%d" ] ], "sz": 139144, "ts": [ { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter present", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not digitally signed", "i": "metadata/unsigned", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynstr section name", "e": [ ".dynstr" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynstr-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library exports", "e": [ "libc_start_main" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-symbols", "l": 2 }, { "d": "overflow keyword", "e": [ "overflow@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "__overflow@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "__overflow", "page number overflow", "integer_overflow", "overflow", "integer overflow" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/data/text/keywords::overflow", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynsym section name", "e": [ ".dynsym" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynsym-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 165.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Terminate process immediately without cleanup", "e": [ "exit", "exit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/terminate/signal::_exit", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Binary exports symbols", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 165.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/symbols::has-exports", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many functions (\u003e30)", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 197.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "setenv function (set environment variable)", "e": [ "setenv", "sym.imp.setenv" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/env/vars::setenv", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 25+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 72.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-25", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Reference to /lib64", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/system::system-lib64", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.20000000298023224, "d": "localtime function (symbol)", "e": [ "localtime_r", "localtime_r@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "localtime_rz", "sym.imp.localtime_r", "sym.localtime_rz" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/time/query::localtime-symbol", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "unsetenv function (remove environment variable)", "e": [ "unsetenv", "sym.imp.unsetenv" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/env/vars::unsetenv", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __cxa_atexit", "e": [ "cxa_atexit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-cxa-atexit", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1055", "c": 0.25, "d": "Repeated 0x07 code constant (possible PROT_RWX)", "e": [ "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/mem/protect/modify::rwx-prot-bytes", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.20000000298023224, "d": "Format time as string", "e": [ "strftime", "nstrftime", "strftime@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "sym.imp.strftime", "sym.nstrftime", "sym.__strftime_internal" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/time/query::strftime", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 72.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 72.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-50", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF dynamic section name", "e": [ ".dynamic" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-dynamic-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.20000000298023224, "d": "Convert time to UTC time", "e": [ "gmtime_r", "gmtime_r@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "sym.imp.gmtime_r" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/time/query::gmtime", "l": 2 }, { "d": ".so extension reference", "e": [ ".so" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/extension::so", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 197.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-functions-50", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Unix /tmp/ path reference", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::unix-temp", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1005", "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Seeks to position in file", "e": [ "fseeko", "fseeko@@GLIBC_2.2.5", "rpl_fseeko", "sym.imp.fseeko", "sym.rpl_fseeko" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/binary::fseek-func", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1124", "c": 0.30000001192092896, "d": "Get current time with microsecond precision", "e": [ "gettimeofday" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/time/query::gettimeofday", "l": 2, "m": "T1124" }, { "a": "T1059.006", "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Named /tmp execution path", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils" ], "i": "objectives/command-and-control/dropper::tmp-path", "l": 1, "m": "B0024" }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 30+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 72.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-30", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "CLI help or usage text", "e": [ "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::help-usage-string", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Abort program execution", "e": [ "abort" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/signal/handler::abort", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8399999737739563, "d": "High basic block count in sparse binary", "e": [ "binary.total_basic_blocks = 4602.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::dense-basic-blocks", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "fopen" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::fopen", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 3+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 197.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::few-functions-3", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ sections (installer/packer)", "e": [ "binary.section_count = 29.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-sections-20", "l": 1 }, { "a": "T1486", "c": 0.75, "d": "flock LOCK_EX call bytecode pattern", "e": [ "bf a6 7b 00 00", "be 46 06 00 00", "bd d7 ff ff 89", "bf 03 00 00 eb", "ba 03 00 00 e9", "be a2 bd fe ff" ], "i": "objectives/impact/ransom/esxi::flock-lockex", "l": 1, "m": "C0027" }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Copyright notice", "e": [ "Copyright" ], "i": "metadata/package/license::copyright-word", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF64 class marker", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::elf64-class", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 9+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 165.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-9", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary format is identified", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary::binary-format-checked", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not position-independent (fixed load address)", "e": [ "binary.is_pie = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average string entropy", "e": [ "binary.avg_string_entropy = 3.07" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-string-entropy-4-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "/tmp/ path component", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::tmp-path-content", "l": 2 }, { "d": "Usage: label in binary strings", "e": [ "Usage: %s [OPTION]... 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