{ "ml": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "id": 0, "prob": 0.9119872450828552, "class": 0 } ], "prob": 0.91198725, "class": 0, "version": "v16.16", "thresholds": [ 0.9815004, 0.99404883 ], "analyzed_at": "2026-05-02T12:16:03Z" }, "path": "x86__64__lsb__unix-system-v__gcc-8.1.0__O3__no-obf__unstripped__coreutils-8.30__chown", "raw": { "v": "4", "fs": [ { "f": "O₂(CI)H₃(F₃OsPo)Md₂(HeBi₂)", "x": 7, "id": 0, "is": [ "", "endgrent", "free", "abort", "errno_location", "strncmp", "exit", "strcpy", "fpending", "qsort", "fcntl", "textdomain", "fclose", "getpwuid", "bindtextdomain", "stpcpy", "dcgettext", "ctype_get_mb_cur_max", "strlen", "lxstat", "openat", "getopt_long", "mbrtowc", "strchr", "getgrgid", "fxstatat", "strrchr", "lseek", "assert_fail", "memset", "close", "openat_2", "closedir", "libc_start_main", "memcmp", "fputs_unlocked", "calloc", "dirfd", "getpwnam", "gmon_start__", "memcpy", "getgrnam", "fileno", "xstat", "readdir", "malloc", "fflush", "nl_langinfo", "fxstat", "endpwent", "freading", 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"export_count": 189.0, "import_count": 71.0, "overlay_size": 1860.0, "string_count": 556.0, "overlay_ratio": 0.02, "section_count": 28.0, "avg_complexity": 8.57, "function_count": 232.0, "import_density": 1.73, "max_complexity": 531.0, "string_density": 13.53, "aliased_exports": 67.0, "overall_entropy": 2.82, "overlay_entropy": 1.6, "avg_basic_blocks": 9.61, "avg_section_size": 2953.96, "dependency_count": 1.0, "entropy_variance": 1.54, "function_density": 5.65, "avg_function_size": 174.02, "avg_string_length": 20.43, "complexity_per_kb": 0.21, "max_string_length": 461.0, "avg_string_entropy": 3.25, "code_to_data_ratio": 1.04, "data_to_file_ratio": 0.0, "text_to_file_ratio": 0.48, "total_basic_blocks": 2229.0, "string_length_stddev": 28.16, "largest_section_ratio": 0.48, "sentence_string_count": 88.0, "sentence_string_ratio": 0.16, "behavioral_import_ratio": 0.01, "function_analysis_depth": 2.0, "high_complexity_functions": 5.0 } }, "ss": [ [ 0, "textdomain" ], [ 512, "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], [ 3219, "fflush" ], [ 3233, "__printf_chk" ], [ 3246, "readdir" ], [ 3254, "setlocale" ], [ 3264, "mbrtowc" ], [ 3272, "strncmp" ], [ 3280, "optind" ], [ 3287, "strrchr" ], [ 3295, "dcgettext" ], [ 3305, "getpwuid" ], [ 3314, "closedir" ], [ 3323, "fchdir" ], [ 3330, "getgrgid" ], [ 3339, "error" ], [ 3345, "__lxstat" ], [ 3354, "iswprint" ], [ 3363, "realloc" ], [ 3371, "fstatfs" ], [ 3379, "abort" ], [ 3391, "program_invocation_name" ], [ 3415, "__assert_fail" ], [ 3429, "__ctype_get_mb_cur_max" ], [ 3452, "endpwent" ], [ 3461, "fts_close" ], [ 3471, "getpwnam" ], [ 3480, "calloc" ], [ 3487, "strlen" ], [ 3494, "memset" ], [ 3501, "__errno_location" ], [ 3518, "memcmp" ], [ 3525, "endgrent" ], [ 3534, "__fprintf_chk" ], [ 3548, "getgrnam" ], [ 3557, "fchown" ], [ 3564, "stdout" ], [ 3571, "fts_read" ], [ 3580, "lseek" ], [ 3586, "memcpy" ], [ 3593, "fclose" ], [ 3600, "strtoul" ], [ 3608, "malloc" ], [ 3615, "fdopendir" ], [ 3625, "__openat_2" ], [ 3636, "mbsinit" ], [ 3644, "nl_langinfo" ], [ 3656, "__ctype_b_loc" ], [ 3670, "fts_set" ], [ 3678, "optarg" ], [ 3685, "__freading" ], [ 3696, "stderr" ], [ 3703, "fchownat" ], [ 3712, "getopt_long" ], [ 3724, "__fxstat" ], [ 3733, "fileno" ], [ 3740, "fwrite" ], [ 3747, "__fpending" ], [ 3765, "program_invocation_short_name" ], [ 3801, "fts_open" ], [ 3816, "openat" ], [ 3823, "__xstat" ], [ 3831, "memmove" ], [ 3839, "bindtextdomain" ], [ 3854, "__fxstatat" ], [ 3865, "fts_children" ], [ 3878, "__libc_start_main" ], [ 3909, "fseeko" ], [ 3916, "fputs_unlocked" ], [ 3931, "free" ], [ 3936, "__progname" ], [ 3947, "__progname_full" ], [ 3963, "__cxa_atexit" ], [ 3976, "__gmon_start__" ], [ 4013, "GLIBC_2.14" ], [ 7448, "AVE1" ], [ 10144, "ATUSH" ], [ 10282, "AUATI" ], [ 15050, "AUATUD" ], [ 20234, "AUATUH" ], [ 20640, "AWAVI" ], [ 20647, "AUATUSH" ], [ 21316, "ATUSL" ], [ 22272, "AWAVAUATUSH" ], [ 25227, "AVAUM" ], [ 26208, "AWAVAUATM" ], [ 26479, "AQAUATAWAVL" ], [ 26995, "ATAWAVL" ], [ 27109, "AUATAWAVL" ], [ 28590, "TUUUUUUU1" ], [ 28894, "SUUUUUUUH9" ], [ 31313, "OAFS" ], [ 31573, "AVAUI" ], [ 32336, "ATUH" ], [ 32533, "AVAUATUSH" ], [ 40432, "AWAVAUA" ], [ 41527, "AUATA" ], [ 47328, "AUATUS" ], [ 48064, "AWAVA" ], [ 48071, "AUATL" ], [ 48266, "sha2 utilities" ], [ 48283, "test invocation" ], [ 48299, "Multi-call invocation" ], [ 48321, "sha224sum" ], [ 48331, "sha256sum" ], [ 48341, "sha384sum" ], [ 48351, "sha512sum" ], [ 48361, "%s online help: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 48384, "GNU coreutils" ], [ 48409, "Jim Meyering" ], [ 48422, "David MacKenzie" ], [ 48438, "HLPRcfhv" ], [ 48447, "missing operand" ], [ 48463, "missing operand after %s" ], [ 48488, "recursive" ], [ 48498, "changes" ], [ 48511, "no-dereference" ], [ 48526, "no-preserve-root" ], [ 48543, "quiet" ], [ 48549, "silent" ], [ 48556, "verbose" ], [ 48569, "version" ], [ 48584, "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], [ 48624, "Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...\n or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE..." ], [ 48672, "or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE..." ], [ 48728, "Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.\nWith --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to t" ], [ 48794, "With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE." ], [ 48880, "-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made" ], [ 48956, "-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages" ], [ 49010, "-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed" ], [ 49088, "--dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is" ], [ 49164, "the default), rather than the symbolic link itself" ], [ 49240, "-h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file" ], [ 49320, "(useful only on systems that can change the" ], [ 49389, "ownership of a symlink)" ], [ 49440, "--from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP" ], [ 49481, "change the owner and/or group of each file only if" ], [ 49557, "its current owner and/or group match those specified" ], [ 49635, "here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match" ], [ 49712, "is not required for the omitted attribute" ], [ 49784, "--no-preserve-root do not treat '/' specially (the default)" ], [ 49851, "--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on '/'" ], [ 49912, "--reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than" ], [ 49977, "specifying OWNER:GROUP values" ], [ 50040, "-R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively" ], [ 50112, "The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R\noption is also specified. If more than one is specified, " ], [ 50113, "The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R" ], [ 50183, "option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final" ], [ 50256, "one takes effect." ], [ 50346, "to a directory, traverse it" ], [ 50468, "encountered" ], [ 50584, "--help display this help and exit" ], [ 50632, "--version output version information and exit" ], [ 50688, "Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed\nto login group if implied by a ':' following a symbol" ], [ 50689, "Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed" ], [ 50764, "to login group if implied by a ':' following a symbolic OWNER." ], [ 50827, "OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic." ], [ 50880, "Examples:\n %s root /u Change the owner of /u to \"root\".\n %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to \"staf" ], [ 50891, "%s root /u Change the owner of /u to \"root\"." ], [ 50945, "%s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to \"staff\"." ], [ 51013, "%s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to \"root\"." ], [ 51088, "https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" ], [ 51128, "Report %s translation bugs to \u003chttps://translationproject.org/team/\u003e" ], [ 51200, "Full documentation at: \u003c%s%s\u003e" ], [ 51232, "or available locally via: info '(coreutils) %s%s'" ], [ 51288, "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], [ 51328, "-R --dereference requires either -H or -L" ], [ 51376, "failed to get attributes of %s" ], [ 51896, "it is dangerous to operate recursively on %s" ], [ 51944, "it is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)" ], [ 52008, "use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafe" ], [ 52064, "WARNING: Circular directory structure.\nThis almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system.\nNOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MAN" ], [ 52103, "This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system." ], [ 52170, "NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER." ], [ 52198, "The following directory is part of the cycle:" ], [ 52256, "neither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed" ], [ 52312, "changed ownership of %s from %s to %s" ], [ 52352, "changed group of %s from %s to %s" ], [ 52392, "failed to change ownership of %s from %s to %s" ], [ 52440, "failed to change group of %s from %s to %s" ], [ 52488, "failed to change ownership of %s" ], [ 52528, "failed to change ownership of %s to %s" ], [ 52568, "failed to change group of %s to %s" ], [ 52608, "ownership of %s retained as %s" ], [ 52640, "cannot access %s" ], [ 52657, "cannot read directory %s" ], [ 52682, "cannot dereference %s" ], [ 52704, "changing ownership of %s" ], [ 52729, "changing group of %s" ], [ 52750, "no change to ownership of %s" ], [ 52780, "group of %s retained as %s" ], [ 52808, "ownership of %s retained" ], [ 52834, "fts_read failed" ], [ 52850, "fts_close failed" ], [ 52960, "8.30" ], [ 52965, "write error" ], [ 52984, "A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call." ], [ 53040, "/.libs/" ], [ 53073, "literal" ], [ 53087, "shell-always" ], [ 53100, "shell-escape" ], [ 53113, "shell-escape-always" ], [ 53133, "c-maybe" ], [ 53141, "clocale" ], [ 56464, "invalid group" ], [ 56478, "invalid spec" ], [ 56491, "invalid user" ], [ 56504, "%s (%s) %s" ], [ 56527, "Written by %s." ], [ 56543, "Written by %s and %s." ], [ 56566, "Written by %s, %s, and %s." ], [ 56594, "Report bugs to: %s" ], [ 56615, "bug-coreutils@gnu.org" ], [ 56637, "%s home page: \u003c%s\u003e" ], [ 56664, "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later \u003chttps://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html\u003e.\nThis is free software: you are free to change an" ], [ 56665, "License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later \u003chttps://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html\u003e." ], [ 56745, "This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it." ], [ 56812, "There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law." ], [ 56872, "Written by %s, %s, %s," ], [ 56895, "and %s." ], [ 56927, "%s, and %s." ], [ 56967, "%s, %s, and %s." ], [ 57007, "%s, %s, %s, and %s." ], [ 57175, "%s, %s, and others." ], [ 57200, "General help using GNU software: \u003chttps://www.gnu.org/gethelp/\u003e" ], [ 57376, "Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc." ], [ 57423, "memory exhausted" ], [ 57440, "lib/xfts.c" ], [ 57451, "errno != EINVAL" ], [ 57472, "xfts_open" ], [ 57482, "lib/xstrtol.c" ], [ 57496, "0 \u003c= strtol_base \u0026\u0026 strtol_base \u003c= 36" ], [ 58352, "xstrtoul" ], [ 58432, "lib/cycle-check.c" ], [ 58450, "state-\u003emagic == 9827862" ], [ 58480, "cycle_check" ], [ 58492, "POSIX" ], [ 58546, "max bucket length: %lu" ], [ 58576, "# buckets used: %lu (%.2f%%)" ], [ 69140, "GCC: (GNU) 8.1.0" ], [ 77417, "quotearg.c" ], [ 77428, "gettext_quote" ], [ 77442, "quotearg_buffer_restyled" ], [ 77467, "quotearg_buffer_restyled.cold.4" ], [ 77499, "quotearg_n_options" ], [ 77518, "slotvec" ], [ 77526, "nslots" ], [ 77533, "slotvec0" ], [ 77542, "slot0" ], [ 77548, "quotearg_n_options.cold.5" ], [ 77574, "quotearg_n_options.constprop.2" ], [ 77605, "default_quoting_options" ], [ 77629, "quotearg_n_style.cold.6" ], [ 77653, "quotearg_n_style_mem.cold.7" ], [ 77681, "quotearg_style.cold.8" ], [ 77703, "quotearg_style_mem.cold.9" ] ], "sz": 84680, "ts": [ { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF program interpreter present", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "ELF needed library", "e": [ "libc.so.6" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-needed-lib", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not digitally signed", "i": "metadata/unsigned", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "Abort program execution", "e": [ "abort" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/signal/handler::abort", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "openat" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::openat", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "GPL license reference", "e": [ "GPL", "GPL" ], "i": "metadata/package/license::gpl-word", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1083", "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Get child entries from filesystem hierarchy", "e": [ "fts_children", "sym.fts_children" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/traverse::fts-children", "l": 3, "m": "E1083" }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 100+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 189.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-100", "l": 1 }, { "a": "T1486", "c": 0.75, "d": "flock LOCK_EX call bytecode pattern", "e": [ "be 63 5e ff ff" ], "i": "objectives/impact/ransom/esxi::flock-lockex", "l": 1, "m": "C0027" }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 9+ exports", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 189.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports-9", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "/tmp/ path component", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::tmp-path-content", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Version information string", "e": [ "--version" ], "i": "metadata/package/help::version-text", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.699999988079071, "d": "Unix /tmp/ path reference", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils/_out/share/locale" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/temp::unix-temp", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Open files", "e": [ "open" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/open::open-base", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1055", "c": 0.25, "d": "Repeated 0x07 code constant (possible PROT_RWX)", "e": [ "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00", "07 00 00 00" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/mem/protect/modify::rwx-prot-bytes", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "ELF interpreter section name", "e": [ ".interp" ], "i": "metadata/binary/linking::elf-interpreter-section-name", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 3+ functions", "e": [ "binary.function_count = 232.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::few-functions-3", "l": 1 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Reference to /lib64", "e": [ "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/system::system-lib64", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Terminate process immediately without cleanup", "e": [ "exit", "exit" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/terminate/signal::_exit", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1083", "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "File descriptor manipulation and control", "e": [ "fcntl" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/file/operations::fcntl", "l": 2, "m": "E1083" }, { "d": "Characteristic system library exports", "e": [ "libc_start_main" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-symbols", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1059.006", "c": 0.6000000238418579, "d": "Named /tmp execution path", "e": [ "/tmp/coreutils" ], "i": "objectives/command-and-control/dropper::tmp-path", "l": 1, "m": "B0024" }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "File is a compiled binary", "e": [ "binary.file_size = 84680.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/framework::is-binary", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has low average complexity", "e": [ "binary.avg_complexity = 8.57" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::avg-complexity-15-max", "l": 2 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 20+ sections (installer/packer)", "e": [ "binary.section_count = 28.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-sections-20", "l": 1 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary has 50+ imports", "e": [ "binary.import_count = 71.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-imports-50", "l": 1 }, { "a": "T1486", "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Five-segment file encryption loop bytecode", "e": [ "ba 3d" ], "i": "objectives/impact/ransom/esxi::segment-loop-5", "l": 1, "m": "C0027" }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Change file ownership by fd", "e": [ "fchown" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/chmod/chown::fchown-fn", "l": 3 }, { "a": "T1083", "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Open filesystem hierarchy via fts", "e": [ "fts_open", "xfts_open", "sym.xfts_open", "sym.fts_open" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/traverse::fts-open", "l": 3, "m": "E1083" }, { "d": "Characteristic system library export __errno_location", "e": [ "errno_location" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/dylib/library/libc::libc-characteristic-errno", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.6600000262260437, "d": "Uses readdir", "e": [ "readdir" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/directory/readdir::readdir-readdir", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Binary has many exports (\u003e10)", "e": [ "binary.export_count = 189.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::many-exports", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.8999999761581421, "d": "CLI help or usage text", "e": [ "Try '%s --help' for more information." ], "i": "metadata/binary/metrics::help-usage-string", "l": 2 }, { "a": "T1033", "c": 0.4000000059604645, "d": "Resolve username to password entry", "e": [ "getpwnam" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/process/user/query::getpwnam", "l": 2, "m": "E1033" }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Resolve group name to GID (getgrnam)", "e": [ "getgrnam" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/group/lookup::getgrnam", "l": 3 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary format is identified", "e": [ "elf.class_bits = 64.00" ], "i": "metadata/binary::binary-format-checked", "l": 2 }, { "c": 0.800000011920929, "d": "Resolve GID to group name (getgrgid)", "e": [ "getgrgid" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/os/group/lookup::getgrgid", "l": 3 }, { "c": 1.0, "d": "Binary is not position-independent (fixed load address)", "e": [ "binary.is_pie = 0.00" ], "i": "metadata/hardening::no-pie", "l": 2 }, { "d": ".so extension reference", "e": [ ".so" ], "i": "micro-behaviors/fs/path/extension::so", "l": 2 }, { "d": 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